ESPEN Guideline on Clinical Nutrition in Surgery

Early oral feeding is the preferred mode of nutrition for surgical patients. Avoidance of any nutritional therapy bears the risk of underfeeding during the postoperative course after major surgery.

Considering that malnutrition and underfeeding are risk factors for postoperative complications, nutritional therapy is mandatory for any surgical patient at nutritional risk, especially for those undergoing upper gastrointestinal surgery.

The focus of this guideline is to cover nutritional aspects of the Enhanced Re-covery After Surgery (ERAS) concept and the special nutritional needs of patients undergoing major surgery, e.g. for cancer, and of those developing severe complications despit

Early oral feeding is the preferred mode of nutrition for surgical patients. Avoidance of any nutritional therapy bears the risk of underfeeding during the postoperative course after major surgery.

ESPENLast Updated: 09 September 2025

建議一、大多數患者不需要從午夜開始術前禁食。接受手術的患者，若沒有特定的aspiration風險，可飲用清流質直到麻醉前2小時。應允許攝入固體直至麻醉前6小時。 Grade of recommendation A-strong consensus (97% agreement) 在「xn--kpry1v09opmbp64h.com」查看更多資訊 建議二、為了減少圍術期（perioperative）的不適，包括焦慮，應進行術前口服碳水化合物治療（B）。為了調節術後胰島素抗性和住院天數，針對接受大手術的患者